Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules generate electricity from both the front and back sides, offering a significant performance boost to solar projects in terms of energy yield and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). As a result, these modules are becoming increasingly popular across various applications, such as awnings, canopies, and ground-mounted systems. However, this growing adoption brings new challenges, particularly when it comes to engineering and design.
The rising popularity of bifacial PV systems highlights the need for experienced and specialized engineering oversight. While established codes, standards, and best practices exist for monofacial systems, they often fall short when applied to bifacial designs. Additionally, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) may provide conflicting or self-serving guidance, making it difficult to determine the optimal system configuration that meets code requirements, maintains manufacturer warranties, and minimizes performance risks.
Designing a bifacial PV system is not a simple plug-and-play process. Bifacial modules collect additional irradiance on their rear side, which increases the current in the DC circuits under similar operating conditions. This means that all components—such as wiring, inverters, and module-level power electronics—must be carefully engineered to handle higher current levels. Failure to do so could lead to equipment damage or warranty voidance, shifting liability onto the EPC or project owner.
Currently, the National Electrical Code (NEC) does not specifically address bifacial modules in its guidelines, leaving engineers to interpret and adapt existing rules to meet safety and compliance standards. This requires a deep understanding of both the technical aspects of bifacial systems and the evolving industry standards.
Beyond compliance, there's also the matter of performance risk. Bifacial systems must account for site-specific weather patterns, albedo variations, and long-term degradation. A well-constructed performance model is essential to avoid overestimating gains and to ensure that the system meets its expected output. This helps mitigate potential liquidated damages if the system underperforms.
Moreover, optimizing the balance between energy production and cost is more complex in bifacial systems. Unlike monofacial designs, where one model typically suffices, bifacial projects require two distinct models: one for design and another for performance prediction. Engineers must consider both models holistically to avoid compromising safety, compliance, or financial efficiency.
Each manufacturer presents different data on bifacial gain, and there’s still no universal standard for rating these modules. This variability adds another layer of complexity, requiring engineers to accurately interpret and apply manufacturer specifications.
In summary, designing a successful bifacial PV system demands not only technical expertise but also a thorough understanding of code compliance, performance modeling, and cost optimization. With the right engineering support, project stakeholders can maximize returns while minimizing risk.
Looking for expert guidance on your commercial and industrial solar projects? Contact Pure Power Engineering to learn more about our value-engineered design and construction services.
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